![]() Received: Accepted: OctoPublished: January 12, 2022Ĭopyright: © 2022 Zauner et al. PLoS ONE 17(1):Įditor: Manuel Spitschan, University of Oxford, UNITED KINGDOM Influences of pre-adaptation and chronotype. Our explorative findings for this effect demand replication in a controlled study.Ĭitation: Zauner J, Plischke H, Strasburger H (2022) Spectral dependency of the human pupillary light reflex. ![]() It could also be the result of the participant’s prior exposure to light ( light history). The chronotype effect might signify a mechanism for strengthening the individual´s chronotype. Our results help to define the conditions, under which the different wavelength sensitivities in the literature hold up for narrowband light settings. The influence of sex on nPC was present, but showed no interaction with wavelength. However, shorter wavelengths than expected become more important if the light-stimulus duration is fifteen or thirty seconds. ![]() IpRGC influence is also seen in the post-illumination pupil reflex if the prior light-stimulus duration is one second. The models indicate that subjects of differing chronotype show a heightened or lowered sensitivity to short wavelengths, depending on their time of preference. When we explored the interaction of chronotype and time of day on the wavelength dependency, differences consistent with ipRGC influence became apparent. IpRGC influence on nPC is not readily apparent from the results. The results also show that a mesopic illuminance weighing led to an overall best prediction of pupillary constriction compared to other types of illuminance measures. The normalized pupillary constriction response is consistent with L+M-cone derived sensitivity when the series of light stimuli is continuous, i.e., is not interrupted by periods of darkness, but not otherwise. Data were analyzed with generalized additive mixed models (GAMM). Traits were surveyed by questionnaire color vision was tested by Ishihara plates or the Lanthony D15 test. One hundred and fifty series of stimulation were conducted across three experiments, and were analyzed for wavelength-dependency on the normalized pupillary constriction (nPC), conditional on experimental settings and individual traits. Pupil size for eighty-three healthy participants with normal color vision was measured in nine experimental protocols with varying series of continuous or discontinuous light stimuli under Ganzfeld conditions, presented after 90 seconds of dark adaptation. We assessed the pupillary reaction to narrowband light stimuli in the mesopic range. ![]() This inconsistency is further exacerbated by the fact that circadian effects can modulate the wavelength sensitivity. Other drugs, such as atropine and amphetamines cause pupil dilation.Non-visual photoreceptors (ipRGCs) and rods both exert a strong influence on the human pupil, yet pupil models regularly use cone-derived sensitivity as their basis. Psychological factors associated with pupil conctriction Ĭertain drugs cause constriction of the pupils, such as alcohol and opiates. These muscles are sometimes referred to as intrinsic eye muscles. When they contract, the iris decreases or constricts the size of the pupil. The iris contains two groups of smooth muscles a circular group called the sphincter pupillae, and a radial group called the dilator pupillae. Light enters the eye through the pupil, and the iris regulates the amount of light by controlling the size of the pupil. The iris is a contractile structure, consisting mainly of smooth muscle, surrounding the pupil. When this muscle contracts, it reduces the size of the pupil. The oculomotor nerve, specifically the parasympathetic part coming from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, terminates on the circular iris sphincter muscle. This is the pupillary reflex, which is an important test of brainstem function. The pupil opens wide when dark and small when light. When bright light is shone on the eye, it will automatically constrict. Or it may indicate reduced interest in the subject of attention or indicate sexual stimulation. It may be a reaction to exposure to reduced light. Substances that cause miosis are described as miotic. Pupillary constriction or constriction of the pupil is a physiological response that decreases the size of the pupil of the eye.Īnother term for the constriction of the pupil is miosis.
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